Products related to Causality:
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Causality, Probability, and Medicine
Why is understanding causation so important in philosophy and the sciences?Should causation be defined in terms of probability?Whilst causation plays a major role in theories and concepts of medicine, little attempt has been made to connect causation and probability with medicine itself.Causality, Probability, and Medicine is one of the first books to apply philosophical reasoning about causality to important topics and debates in medicine.Donald Gillies provides a thorough introduction to and assessment of competing theories of causality in philosophy, including action-related theories, causality and mechanisms, and causality and probability.Throughout the book he applies them to important discoveries and theories within medicine, such as germ theory; tuberculosis and cholera; smoking and heart disease; the first ever randomized controlled trial designed to test the treatment of tuberculosis; the growing area of philosophy of evidence-based medicine; and philosophy of epidemiology. This book will be of great interest to students and researchers in philosophy of science and philosophy of medicine, as well as those working in medicine, nursing and related health disciplines where a working knowledge of causality and probability is required.
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A Logical Theory of Causality
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Causality : Philosophical Theory meets Scientific Practice
Head hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer?Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates?According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy.Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables?Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such questions of immense current concern not just to philosophers but to scientists, governments, public bodies, and the general public.In the last decade there has been an explosion of theorizing about causality in philosophy, and also in the sciences.This literature is both fascinating and important, but it is involved and highly technical.This makes it inaccessible to many who would like to use it, philosophers and scientists alike. This book is an introduction to philosophy of causality - one that is highly accessible: to scientists unacquainted with philosophy, to philosophers unacquainted with science, and to anyone else lost in the labyrinth of philosophical theories of causality.It presents key philosophical accounts, concepts and methods, using examples from the sciences to show how to apply philosophical debates to scientific problems.
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Causality and Causal Explanation in Aristotle
Aristotle's writings about causality and its relation to natural science are at the heart of his philosophical project, and at the origin of a 2,000-year history of inquiry into these topics.Yet for all the work done on various aspects of his thought, there has been no full-length philosophical study of his theory of causality, and some basic questions about it remain under-examined.For example, it is unclear, from what he and his commentators have said, (a) how Aristotle answers the main philosophical questions about causality to which he thinks his predecessors' answers are flawed, and (b) how his answers bear on the main questions we confront in thinking about causality in general, such that those answers could be usefully critiqued, developed, and compared with others.Nathanael Stein's book addresses these two questions.It is not a survey of Aristotle's claims, but rather focuses on a set of key conceptual, metaphysical, and epistemological questions that are important both for understanding Aristotle's responses to his predecessors and for understanding causality in general.The book thus provides the kind of philosophical engagement with Aristotle that has proven so fruitful in other domains, such as ethics and metaphysics.It also aims to contribute to a more accurate understanding of the differences between ancient and modern approaches to the natural world.This book is meant for anyone interested in philosophical theories of causation and explanation and their history, as well as those who have read Aristotle's thoughts on the topic of causality and come away wondering what it all really adds up to, and how we might engage with it.
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What is circular causality?
Circular causality refers to a situation where the cause and effect of a phenomenon are interconnected and influence each other in a continuous loop. In other words, instead of a linear cause-and-effect relationship, where one event leads to another in a straight line, circular causality involves a feedback loop where each event influences the other in a continuous cycle. This concept is often used in systems theory to describe complex interactions within a system, where multiple factors interact with each other in a non-linear and interconnected manner.
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Is causality time-dependent?
Causality is not inherently time-dependent. Causality refers to the relationship between cause and effect, and it can occur at any point in time. Events in the past can cause effects in the present, and events in the present can cause effects in the future. The concept of causality is not limited to a specific point in time, as it can occur across different time frames. Therefore, causality is not inherently time-dependent.
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Which kitchen appliances have a long lifespan, such as mixers, etc.?
Kitchen appliances that typically have a long lifespan include mixers, food processors, and high-quality blenders. These appliances are built to withstand frequent use and are often made with durable materials that can last for many years. Investing in well-known brands and models known for their longevity can also help ensure that these appliances have a longer lifespan. Regular maintenance and proper care, such as cleaning and storage, can also contribute to extending the lifespan of these kitchen appliances.
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What is the causality of existence?
The causality of existence refers to the idea that everything that exists has a cause or reason for its existence. This concept suggests that nothing can come into being without a cause or explanation. It implies that there is a chain of events or actions that lead to the existence of everything in the universe. Understanding the causality of existence helps us make sense of the world around us and provides a framework for exploring the interconnectedness of all things.
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Shakespeare's Ghost Writers : Literature as Uncanny Causality
The plays of Shakespeare are filled with ghosts – and ghost writing.Shakespeare's Ghost Writers is an examination of the authorship controversy surrounding Shakespeare: the claim made repeatedly that the plays were ghost written.Ghosts take the form of absences, erasures, even forgeries and signatures – metaphors extended to include Shakespeare himself and his haunting of us, and in particular theorists such Derrida, Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud – the figure of Shakespeare constantly made and remade by contemporary culture.Marjorie Garber, one of the most eminent Shakespearean theorists writing today, asks what is at stake in the imputation that "Shakespeare" did not write the plays, and shows that the plays themselves both thematize and theorize that controversy. This Routledge Classics edition contains a new preface and new chapter by the author.
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On Time : Causality and the Quantum Gravity Conflict
This text revolves around a new and unusual view on the most fundamental puzzle of physics.It focusses on the key aspect that makes the role of the time dimension fundamentally different: causality.It deals on the one hand with general relativity, and on the other hand with quantum theory.The implicit and intuitive way by which causality is usually taken for granted is just made explicit and less self-evident, shedding a new light on the gravity-quantum conflict.The case is made that gravity is a necessary condition for a causal universe.But upon turning to the "pure" unitary quantum physics explaining the nature of matter one is dealing with the strictly a-causal time expressed through the thermal quantum field theory machinery.When this a-causal microscopic and causal macroscopic world meet, one encounters the wavefunction collapse, that itself may be rooted in the quantum-gravity conflict.Modern ideas are discussed resting on eigenstate thermalization showing how this may lie eventually at the origin of irreversible thermodynamics, with its famous second law setting also a direction of time.The case is anchored in the sophisticated modern mathematical machinery of both general relativity and quantum physics which is normally barely disseminated beyond the theoretical physics floors.The book is unique in the regard that the consequences of this machinery - Riemannian geometry and Penrose diagrams, thermal quantum fields, quantum non-equilibrium and so forth -- are explained in an original, descriptive language conveying the conceptual consequences while avoiding mathematical technicalities.
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The Effect : An Introduction to Research Design and Causality
The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality is about research design, specifically concerning research that uses observational data to make a causal inference.It is separated into two halves, each with different approaches to that subject.The first half goes through the concepts of causality, with very little in the way of estimation.It introduces the concept of identification thoroughly and clearly and discusses it as a process of trying to isolate variation that has a causal interpretation.Subjects include heavy emphasis on data-generating processes and causal diagrams. Concepts are demonstrated with a heavy emphasis on graphical intuition and the question of what we do to data.When we “add a control variable” what does that actually do?Key Features: • Extensive code examples in R, Stata, and Python• Chapters on overlooked topics in econometrics classes: heterogeneous treatment effects, simulation and power analysis, new cutting-edge methods, and uncomfortable ignored assumptions• An easy-to-read conversational tone• Up-to-date coverage of methods with fast-moving literatures like difference-in-differences
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Rediscovering the Integral Cosmos : Physics, Metaphysics, and Vertical Causality
When a physicist who becomes a metaphysician, and a metaphysician who studies physics, join together to examine science (quantum physics and cosmogenesis in particular), explosive results might well be expected.Here Wolfgang Smith and Jean Borella return us to a Weltanschauung that can finally account for the world in all its dimensions.
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What is the principle of causality?
The principle of causality is the idea that every event is caused by a preceding event or set of events. It suggests that there is a cause and effect relationship between events, where one event leads to the occurrence of another. This principle is fundamental in understanding the natural world and forms the basis of scientific inquiry and reasoning. It implies that events do not happen randomly but are the result of specific causes.
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What is causality according to Kant?
According to Kant, causality is a fundamental concept that governs our understanding of the world. He argues that causality is not something that we directly observe in the world, but rather a necessary concept that our minds impose on our experience in order to make sense of it. Kant believes that we cannot know things as they are in themselves, but only as they appear to us through the framework of our mental categories, including causality. Therefore, causality is a necessary condition for our experience of the world, but it is not something that we can directly perceive.
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Which kitchen appliances also have a long lifespan, such as mixers, etc.?
Kitchen appliances such as mixers, blenders, and food processors are known for their long lifespan. These appliances are designed to withstand heavy use and are built with durable materials, making them reliable for many years. Additionally, high-quality brands and models of these appliances are often built to last, making them a worthwhile investment for any kitchen. Regular maintenance and proper care can also help extend the lifespan of these appliances.
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How can one prove that causality exists?
Causality can be proven through empirical evidence and logical reasoning. By observing the relationship between two events and consistently finding that one event leads to the other, we can establish a causal link. Additionally, conducting controlled experiments and statistical analyses can help demonstrate causality by showing that changes in one variable directly result in changes in another. Furthermore, the use of counterfactuals and the application of causal models can help establish causality by ruling out alternative explanations for the observed relationship between events.
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